Energy Drinks, the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Essay Example for Free

Energy Drinks, the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly EssayEnergy fuddles, also known as power boosters, are soft drinks that contain nutrients and good flavor. The name of some energy drinks are Red diddley, Rockstar, and Monster. These drinks service improve and boost energy levels. sight who drink power beverages experience decrease in stress, muscle strain, and fatigue. Power beverages also help improve speed and reaction. Energy drinks should remain on the merchandise because they help athletes, workers, and students maintain performance, endurance and momentum. The most accepted energy drink is Red Bull. Red Bull contains caffeine and sodium. Caffeine acts as a pick-me-up, large(p) people the feeling of being awake and alert. Sodium helps to hinder the body from losing water. These ingredients work together to increase energy levels in the human body. Red Bull commercials often feature athletes, students, and workers drinking its products. Some people prefer to drink diet e nergy drinks. Red Bull is the only brand that offers power drinks in diet, making it the most popular energy drink on the market.Monster Energy, second in popularity, is highly favored by the adult community. It is the energy drink of choice for most athletes. Monster largely relies on a high dosage of sugar and caffeine to boost the users energy level. After drinking 1 can of Monster, users experience a feeling that is similar to drinking three cups of coffee. Rock Star is available in fourteen different flavors and is preferred by the younger generation.People that like to party prefer Rock Star because it prevents them from getting tired. The increased amounts of sugar and vitamins in Rock Star help prevent low energy. This gives party goers power to keep going. Energy drinks are good for people because they keep the human body alert. Most brands can be purchased in any store. Power drinks contain nutrients good flavor, and increases energy levels. Many people seek energy booste rs to improve metabolism and strengthen immune system when dieting.These drinks help people to stay alert in everyday life functions such as working, playing sports, and school. Red Bull and Monster both contain Vitamin B. Vitamin B is important to the body. It improves the function of red and white blood cells. Cells are instrumental in ridding the body of impurities and promoting healthy liver function. Energy drinks should not be interpreted off the market because they help athletes, workers, and students to maintain performance, providing momentum during times of stress and strain.

The second language Essay Example for Free

The second actors line EssayThe second language has one of its toughest influences in most of the third domain of a function countries where even the national language is the one that was imposed by the colonizer. It is a common trend that in most British colonies the language of the population is English. In most of these cases the foreign national language does not find a friendly ground with the native language. No inquire the third world inhabitants have a formed opinion that learning and acquiring this foreign language is being educated. (Heath and Mangiola cv, 1991)The so called first day in school (Knapp and Shields, 1990) is most stressing in the third world than it ordain anywhere else. Apart from the harassment from the old children in school, the toddler finds to its amazement that the language it will have to be acquainted to a completely new one from the common native language it is used to.The fact that in these parts of the world the whole curriculum is based o n that one man who colonized this place complicates the whole process of learning. It must be admitted here that the famous helplessness of exams in the developing worlds is not always because of the poor teaching tactics of this teacher in class but most probably because of the failure of this boy and girl to have a grasp of the language of the curriculum which is a foreign one mostly(Heath, 1991).It is most obvious that most of the discussion will be based in the third world scope because its here that the native languages are still not developed in documentaries and that any form of chat at the national level has to in a foreign language recognized as the language of the masses .Going across Africa there is varied or a wide range of languages.Because of colonization, the different communities in these parts of the world and the other parts of third world including the Latin America, the Caribbean and Asia the issue of the second language has pressed so hard on the population. Because many of these countries have many tribes, the only common language they can use for decreed purposes is the language of the colonizer. credibly this is the main reason why Uganda, Kenya,Tanzania,Nigeria,Trinidad and Tobago and United States of America to name but a few have English as a national and official language . Britain was the colonial master of all of these nations. (Garcia andIt will be very clear to give the influence of this second language by looking at an example in East Africa. In this region it is not taxing to tell a Ugandan from a Kenyan and the later will be told quite easily from their Tanzanian counterparts. Going deep further to individual countries, it is possible to tell a component of one tribe from another member of the second tribe. That this people make errors during communication is not a problem of their own making but because of their language of birth. For example for a native Lake capital of Seychelles ,the Luo tribe of Kenya, the word fish is pronounced as , word good goes as ngood and drive as ndrive. To the Ugandan, the word government is pronounced as gafriment.

Truth and Lies Essay Example for Free

Truth and Lies EssayThere ar different types of lies. Distorted views and fabricated faithfulnesss are two of them. Mis clearing, on the different hand, is not a lie. Misunderstanding is a when we fail to understand something correctly and accurately. This happens a lot in our daily lives. A lot of conflicts and enceinte feelings are caused by this mistake. In order to avoid it, we should be more careful ab show up the way we express our opinions and feelings. Simultaneously, we should listen to what tidy sum say and understand what they mean carefully. Sometimes, we misunderstand a fact. We tin correct by asking others about that or study about it. C. G. Lichtenberg once said The most dodgy of all in all falsehoods is a slightly distorted truth. When we see the reality through distorted eyes, it can have an extreme effect on our emotions, thoughts and our interactions with other people. Imagine you motivation to drive to school today. Surprisingly, you see the green lig hts red and the red lights green. Needless to say, you stop at green lights and pass the red lights. You pull up stakes be shouted at both times.You wonder why people are shouting at you without any reason, and after a while you drive anxious and angry. You decide not to pay attention to traffic lights anymore. The reason is obvious accident. This is what happens in our lives when have distorted views toward facts and reality. We had better change our views and try to take in this problem. Fabricated truths are the lies that are used to mislead people for centuries. These are so-called truths that are invented in order to deceive. We can see them in all aspects of life from religion to science and politics.Telling these lies is not limited to authorities, scientist or religious people in power. Ordinary people produce lies everyday to get through what they want. We cant fight these lies. All we can do is to research and seek the truth ourselves or at least presumet read them e asily and without proof. The truth is hard to find for different reasons. First of all, all people want others to have a positive picture of them in mind. They dont want their lies to be revealed and they try hard to maintain that positive image of themselves.This is why people try to show that they are not trustworthy when something negative happens. So they lie about it. When something positive happens, people want to take credit for it. They lie again This is also the case for different groups, organizations, religions, etc. who claim to have the truth. They dont have the complete truth. This is what gets people in trouble. These groups dont want their followers to find out their weaknesses and stop their support. So they tell people a lot of lies and try to sustain them. In addition, lying is a part of human nature.Sometimes people say the same lie so often that they forget the real truth and start believing their own lies. Furthermore, people dont want to hear the truth. We p refer a good story rather than the fact. We actually dont like to deal with truth. We want to believe something, so we absorb that its the truth. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe said We are never deceived we deceive ourselves. Another reason is that lies spread faster than truth, especially in the internet and other media. As musical score Twain said A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes. Sometimes, in that location is enough so-called evidence to support both sides of the conflict, the falsehood and the truth. So people are actually sitting on the fences when facing them. So the truth wont be revealed. Sometimes, the truth is out there, but we dont seek for it and we expect others to provide it for us. These might be the reasons of most concealed truths. Whatever the reason is, people dont want their lies and dishonest behavior to be revealed. When someone exposes the truth, their positive image is ruined. So they attack that person. spa te dont try to disclose the truth when they are attacked. So some truths are not revealed because of this. Sometimes, the truths is easy to find, but hard to accept. We are be to a lot and some of our beliefs are shaped according to those lies. When we find the truth, it seems like a vague idea that doesnt fit the lies. So we cant accept it and its like we have never found the truth. The complete truth is not told most of the time. Thomas Sowell said There are only two ways of telling the complete truth anonymously and posthumously.

Development of Corporate Governance in Nigeria

Development of Corporate nerve in NigeriaLiterature ReviewThe code of corporal arrangement over the years, Nigeria has growd rapid development with regards to in corporald authorities. This can be noned in the 2003 Code of Corporate Governance (SEC Code), the 2006 mandatory Code of Corporate Governance for Nigerian Banks post consolidation (CBN Code) and most importantly the 2007 Code of Conduct for Sh arholder Associations in Nigeria (SEC Code for sh beowners). (now revised in 2011) update the dates for the different codes. gibe to Grienenberger (1995), corporate governance can be defined asThe legal and practical system for the exercise of power and ascertain in the conduct of the commerce of a corporation, including in particular the relationships amongst the stockholders, the management, the board of the directors and its committees, and other constituencies.The main step forward with corporate governance is that it is often viewed as the separation in the midst of o wnership (stockholders) and control (managers). Jensen and Meckling (1976) state that managers result provided be as incentivized to add value to sh atomic number 18holders in proportion to what they stand to personally relieve oneself. Schacht (1995) because argues that corporate governance represents the skirmish that managers and owners of public companies face in the involvement of the productive level of sh beholders in corporate policy and administration.Nigeria was a British colony therefore it adopted the corporate governance system of the British and its history of corporate governance stems from the colonial times when the private sector was dominated by British companies (Okike 2007, Ahunwan 2002). After she gained her emancipation in 1960, there was a immense economic liberation and the government developed domestic ownership and control of the Nigerian private sector (Akpotaire 2005). The theoretical account of corporate governance adopted was still that of t he British. For instance, there was the replacement of the Companies Ordinance of 1992 by the 1968 (how can the 68 replace the 92) Companies Act only if the biggest crook was the UK corporate law (Adegbite and Nakajima, 2010). It is not unimaginable that since the corporate governance of Nigeria mirrors that of the British so closely, the effectiveness would be somewhat guaranteed. Unfortunately this has not been the case. It could be easily explained by the fact that the corporate laws and regulations in the UK are not complementary, reflective or applicable in the Nigerian business environment (Adegbite and Nakajima, 2010). Okike (2007) states that though the framework of the corporate governance in Nigeria mirrors that of the UK, the same cannot be said in terms of application or ingrained principles. Ultimately, it disclosems the legal or corporate governance codes judicature corporations bear not been developed with the suspectities of Nigeria in mind. The issues that are specific to the cultural and political environments have also been ignored (Okike, 2007) and these are of utmost importance especially when considering the unstructured and informal nature of the Nigerian economy (Yahaya, 1998). In the years that follow, I believe this error was trying to be corrected by devising codes to reflect Nigeria as a verdant and her corporate environment. According to Adegbite et. al (2012)The primary statute empowering shareholders in Nigeria to intervene in a companys affairs is the association and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 1990 (as amended).In addition to this as stated above was the 2003 Code of Corporate Governance (SEC Code). Adegbite et. al (2012) goes on to state that this code has as one of its core focuses to promote the even outs and responsibilities of shareholders. It expressly states that the company or board should not discourage shareholder activism whether institutional or by organised shareholders groups. It promote states that the a nnual full general meetings (AGMs) should be an avenue for shareholder participation in the governance of the company. Furthermore, there should be a director who represents the interests of minority shareholders who occupies a arsehole on the board. Okike (2007) believes that these are all efforts of the Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to promote shareholder activism as healthful as the rights of minority shareholders in the Nigerian corporate governance code.As a result of all these developments, there have now been an emergence of many an(prenominal) private initiatives which have been further by the government such(prenominal) as The Independent Shareholders Association of Nigeria (ISAN), the Nigerian Shareholders Solidarity Association (NSSA), the Proactive Shareholders Association of Nigeria (PROSAN), the Association for the Advancement of the Rights of Nigerian Shareholders (AARNS) amongst other shareholder associations . These have developed generally to give minority shareholders a chance in a sector that has been dominated by majority shareholders when it comes to staunch voting.The issue of Politics and its impact on Shareholder ActivismIn a recent study, Adegbite et. al (2012) state that an environment of unhealthy and vast politicking is created when shareholder activism is used as corporate governance mechanism in Nigeria. It is believed that this is as a result of the countrys brand of politics, in other words expressing that this is a challenge that is quite a peculiar to Nigeria. It denotes that though shareholder activism is somewhat a universal practice, certain characteristics of different regions warrant an discernment before said practice can be carried come out correctly. Most literature on shareholder activism is based on the Anglo-Saxon manufactureion of markets as prior to liberty from the British, the Anglo Saxon-based system of corporate law and regulations was in place in Nigeria (Adegbite and Nakajima, 2010). This is founded on the neo-liberal conception of democratic politics where there is freedom and rights at bottom legitimate institutional boundaries. Also, under the same umbrella of this ideology is shareholder activism, as it is an essential characteristic to the financial markets (Adegbite et. al 2012). This has led to little thought cosmos given to the effect that the post-independence stage of political body politic has on the way in which different things are practiced and in particular, shareholder activism. Given these points, lets look further into the democratic political state of Nigeria.Nigeria gained her independence on October 1, 1960. In the 56 years of her independence, she has been vastly ridiculed with the plague of corruption. This has been evident in the politics of the nation, the way business is conducted both local and international and the general way of life of her people. Unfortunately, we follow this finished with(predicate) many years of various scandals such as Cadbury 2014 and infamously Shell 1990 to present. It would be almost obvious that this corruption enormously affects the business environment and by extension, shareholder activism. This can be evidenced by looking at independent corruption indexes. In appendix 1, we see extracts from various reports from the enhancer International (2013) which is a non-governmental organisation. These reports show Nigeria ranking 136 out of 178 countries (178 universe the most corrupt country) in the corruption index as well as having a score of 26 (100 being corrupt free). More importantly, in the index of corruption by political parties, Nigeria scored 4.7 out of 5 (5 being extremely corrupt).This data is one that cannot be ignored in the analysis of the political environment of the country having a direct/indirect effect on shareholder activism. Adegbite et al. (2012) also compare the World Bank index which is based on six broad measure s (1) voice and accountability, (2) political stability, (3) government effectiveness, (4) regulatory quality, (5) loom of law and (6) control of corruption. Three countries are examined that is to say Nigeria, Denmark and the United Kingdom. The latter mentioned countries score genuinely low on the corruption index in the Transparency International reports and so its no surprise that in the World Bank Anti-Corruption and Governance Index, the same results are observed with Nigeria scoring less than 28% in all 6 categories mend Denmark and the United Kingdom score higher than 80% across the same categories. These results all high blank the same issue. It is the implications of theCorrupt and voraciousness driven Nigerian politics and political culture on business conduct, corporate governance and shareholder activism in particular (Adegbite et. al 2012).In light of all of this, it would be unfair not to mention that there are steps taken to mitigate this issue of corruption esp ecially in the side towards corporate governance. Only a few years ago, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) dismissed the Chief Executive Officers and Executive Directors or eight Nigerian banks on charges of corruption, fraud and bad corporate governance (Adegbite and Nakajima, 2010). These steps are definitely in the right path to getting the country to where it needs to be but the fact still remains that this is a serious consideration when addressing corporate governance and shareholder activism in Nigeria. As this has been established, the different matters around shareholders associations and institutional shareholders have been discussed below.institutional shareholders and Non-institutional shareholders (shareholder associations)The Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) has been in existence for about 46 years. It has over 260 listed securities including 10 Government Stock, 55 industrial loans (Debenture/Preferences) stocks and 195 equity/ mean(a) shares of companies with a total ca pitalisation of about 875.2 billion naira. Shareholding in Nigeria has grown rapidly to an estimated 10 million (Amao and Amaeshi, 2008). There have been a series of events such as the privatisation programme in Nigeria that has massively impacted the share ownership. In the early stages of the programme, the privatised companies offered over 1.3 billion shares for sale to the public. There was a huge influx of first time buyers as well others touchstoneing to over 800,000 shareholders. Between 1989 and 2005, over forty government-owned companies were privatised (Tanko II, 2004).Small respective(prenominal) shareholders coming together to form shareholders associations and large item-by-item(a) shareholders are categories of Non-institutional shareholders. (Crespi Renneboog, 2010 Poulsen et al., 2010 Song Szewczyk, 2003 Uche, C., Adegbite, E. and whoremonger Jones, M. 2016). The way in which shareholder activism is carried out and achieved by small and large individual shareh olders is mainly attributable to their shareholdings (Connelly, Tihanyi, Certo Hitt, 2010 Crespi Renneboog, 2010 Johnson, Schnatterly, Johnson, Chiu, 2010 Uche et al., 2016). Due to the amount of shareholdings that small individual shareholders possess, they are at a disadvantage in the matter of having influence over management. In order to combat this, small individual shareholders often combine voting rights with that of other shareholders thus increasing their influence when engaging in shareholder activism. By doing so, they bypass the need for large block holding. Coordination by small individual shareholders is thence achieved by employ organizations such as shareholders associations. While this teamwork doesnt result in the influence of corporate strategy or board nominations, Strickland et al. (1996) states that it brings about certain advantages such as successful shareholder-initiated proposals documented in countries such as the United States of America.Shareholders associations are a registered group mainly consisting of small individual shareholders while Institutional shareholders is a term for entities which pool money to purchase securities, real property, and other investment assets or originate loans. Institutional shareholders include banks, insurance companies, bonuss, hedge monetary resource, REITs, investment advisors, endowments, and mutual funds. In this section, the relationship between these dickens will be analyzed as well as the effects their union or otherwise has on shareholder activism. According to Uche, Adegbite and John Jones (2016), prior literature has shown how beneficial collaborations between shareholders associations and institutional shareholders have been in shareholder activism. Examples of this is institutional shareholders using their proxy votes to support shareholder proposals. However, there has been little work done in this area regarding a developing country as well as the effect that activism carried o ut by shareholders associations has on institutional shareholders (Uche, Adegbite and John Jones, 2016).According to Mulgan (2000) and Uche et al., (2016)Accountability is considered to be an activity that requires the accountee to engage in questioning, assessing and criticizing when holding the accountor to account.It is believed to be a two way conversation between accountee and accountor. Uche et al., (2016) notes that the accountability relationship theory isnt discussed in a corporate environment by Mulgan (2000) but similar characteristics have been identified in the relationship between the board members and management. These characteristics were identified by Roberts et al., (2005) as questioning, probing, discussing, informing and encouraging. In addition, it is evident that shareholder activism share these same features. This is because Institutional shareholders and shareholders associations involve in discussion, probing and questioning management at AGMs and other priv ate meetings (Uche et al., 2016 Roberts et al., 2006 Solomon and Darby, 2005). These conversations with shareholders associations and institutional shareholders also allow companies to gain insight into different issues on social, ethical and environmental issues which in turn aids in promoting corporate matters aimed at the public (Solomon and Darby, 2005 Amao and Amaeshi, 2008 Johed and Catasus, 2015).As mentioned in rather sections, Nigeria is home to many shareholders associations. There are more than thirty organisations unlike other more developed countries such as the United Kingdom which usually has only one association engaging in shareholder activism (Amao Amaeshi, 2008 Adegbite, Amaeshi Amoa, 2012). Uche, Adegbite and John Jones (2016) importantly highlights the importance of the structure of shareholders associations in Nigeria. These associations are made up only of small individual shareholders. The reason this is important to note is because of the impact it has o n strategies carried out by the organisations. It also indicates the amount of influence or lack thus that these organisations may have on the management of companies and thus shareholder activism.In shareholder activism, the expectation is that the shareholders are able to exert a certain level of influence over management of a company which will allow them to facilitate change in strategic outcome or managerial decisions (Ryan and Schneider, 2002). This influence is much easier when there is an independence between the activists and management of the company involved. This can be seen in the analysis between institutional shareholders, shareholders association and management at heart the boundary of shareholder activism (Uche et al., 2016 Becht et al., 2008 Catasus and Johed 2007 Crespi and Renneboog, 2010 Ingley and cutting edge der Walt, 2001 Johed and Catasus 2015). The independence noted in relationships between shareholders associations and managements of companies allow f or the association to have an increased influence over management (Uche et al., 2016 Poulsen et al., 2010)A lack of independence is noted in easily pressured institutional shareholders. This causes these type of investors to rather guard the relationships formed with managements of the company involved for their own benefits .This type of expression is usually noted in passive institutional shareholders than active institutional shareholders (Uche et al., 2016 Almazan, Hartzell and Starks, 2005 Brickley, Lease and Smith 1998 Marler and Faugere, 2010). Prior literature has shown that there is a difference in the way various institutional shareholders carry out shareholder activism. This allows them to benefit in different ways from the way others carry out their activist activities (Uche, Adegbite and John Jones, 2016). Active institutional shareholders will benefit from things such as coordinated voting with other institutional shareholders or shareholders associations while the sa me may not be the case for institutional shareholders that are passive. Passive institutional shareholders as the name suggests, have a more laissez-faire attitude towards shareholder activism. They favor to avoid any direct activist activities while benefiting from that which active shareholder institutions and shareholders associations have fought for (Brav, Jiang, Partnoy, Thomas, 2008). These passive institutional shareholders in Nigeria are usually hedge funds or pension funds who focus on short term benefits and dont want to disrupt the business relationships built with these companies.It is argued that shareholders associations dont experience this same dynamic between them and management of any company in questions regarding shareholder activism (Uche et al., 2016 Stratling, 2012). However, according to Uche et al., 2016, Adegbite et al., 2010 and Yakasi, 2001, it has been reported that some shareholders associations in Nigeria develop relationships with management because of financial benefits obtained outside of the business relationship. This then leads to a lack of independence and hinders the shareholders associations from acting as accountees and holding the accountors (management of the company in question) to account.Prior explore notes that different shareholder groups have different agendas that they act on and though these may be similar in multiple cases, they can also differ. This is as a result of their interests and time horizons being different (Uche et al., 2016 Goranova Ryan, 2014 Ingley Van der Walt, 2001). Individual shareholders usually invest smaller stakes over a short period of time while institutional shareholders such as pension funds will invest massively over a long period of time. Fundamental differences such as these cause conflicts between the groups in shareholder activism. For instance, hedge funds prefer short term pay puts thus are more short term oriented (Uche et al., 2016).Ultimately, in Nigeria, institutiona l shareholders do not participate enough in shareholder activism especially in comparison to shareholders associations. As noted in earlier paragraphs, due to the small holdings of individual shareholders who make up shareholders association they are not able to practice shareholder activism as effectively as they should (Uche et al., 2016 Amao Amaeshi, 2008 Okike, 2007 Yakasai, 2001). Despite this, it has been noted that shareholders associations have been of great help in holding management of companies accountable by resisting the fraudulent sale of corporate sales and sacking of poorly performing corporate executives through shareholder activism (Uche et al., 2016 Aderinokun, 2003 Chigbo, 2000). The Nigerian Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) code (both 2003 and the revised code in 2011) avidly encourage institutional shareholders and organised shareholders groups to actively engage in shareholder activism so as to improve practices (SEC Code, 2003 SEC Code 2011). While i nstitutional shareholders are not there to usurp the role of monitoring agencies, they are in a better position to pressurise companies to take shareholder accountability and interest more seriously (Chung Talaulicar, 2010 Roberts et al., 2006). In the face of previous scandals and governance and accountability problems in Nigeria, institutional shareholders now have another opportunity to fight for improved governance practices so as to create better shareholder values (Ahunwan, 2002 Bakre, 2007 CBN, 2006). According to Yakasai (2011) and Ajogwu (2007), Institutional shareholders are in a better strategic position than small shareholders to engage with corporate managers. Their influence can couple the gap of communication between shareholders and really have an impact on corporate governance practices. All of this highlights the importance of both institutional shareholders and shareholders associations to practice shareholder activism (together and independently) independent of management of companies so as to relinquish all forms of bias in order to improve the effectiveness of shareholder activism in Nigeria.RESEARCH methodologyIntroductionThis chapter illustrates the methodology used in this research to achieve my results. research methodology is crucial to any research as it highlights the reasoning behind methods elect to achieve the aims and objectives of this research (Kothari, 2004). The purpose of this paper is to clearly state what Shareholder Activism is and take a closer look into Sub-saharan Africa, more specifically Nigeria. It will also highlight three main areas that grossly affect the practice of shareholder activism in Nigeria as well as offer suggestions that could make the experience a much more efficient and effective one. To achieve this, this chapter has been divided into various sub sections namely, research doctrine, approach, strategy, time horizons, data collection and data analysis.Research PhilosophyResearch philosophy is an over-arching term relating to the development of knowledge and the nature of that knowledge. (Bandaranayake, 2012). According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003), research philosophy is dominated by three main views namely Positivism, Interpretivism (Social Constructionism) and Realism.Positivism as described by Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003), is a view that often adopts the philosophical science of the natural scientist. This research perspective is one of utmost objectivity, solely independent from the researcher and unaffected by the research or its results.Interpretivism/Social Constructionism views reality as based on kind-hearted practices formed by human interactions with others and the world in which they live in, developed within a social context (Crotty, 1998). The intent of this approach is to understand the subjectivity of reality of the people being analyzed in order to deduce the background and reasoning of their motives in a way thats applicable to them. (Ramanathan, 2008).The key differences between Positivism and Interpretivism (Social Constructionism) are highlighted in the table below by (Ramanathan, 2008).Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003) state thatRealism is applied to the study of human subjects, recognizing the importance of understanding peoples socially constructed interpretation and meaning, or subjective reality, within the context of seeking to understand broader social forces, structures or processes that influence, and perhaps constrain, the nature of peoples views and behaviours.According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003), it will be misleading to think of any research philosophy as better than the next. Ultimately, all three philosophies serve different purposes depending on the objective of the research. Nonetheless, business situations such as shareholder activism are complex and comical to different individuals circumstances and environment. Shareholder activism in Nigeria cannot be discussed without ad dressing the corporate governance environment of the country. According to Grienenberger (1995), Corporate governance can be defined as the legal and practical system for the exercise of power and control in the conduct of the businessof a corporation, including in particular the relationships amongst the shareholders, the management, the board of the directors and its committees, and other constituencies.This definition highlights two things that are very important. This is the fact that this is a legal and practical system. Every country has its own legal system that may derive its origin from many things such as the country which it was colonized by to the general way of life of the people. This in fact is the same for how business is conducted as well. Therefore, it is without doubt that an understanding of the countrys systems and the way in which things are done is essential for any well informed analysis to be made. This has therefore led me to choose interpretivism/social co nstructionism as my research philosophy as I believe that the characteristics of this philosophy such as aiming to increase the general understanding of the situation, gathering rich information from which ideas are induced and including stakeholder perspectives are all exactly the approaches I need to undertake in order to appropriately understand all the drivers involved in regulate shareholder activism in a developing country such as Nigeria.Research ApproachWhen considering what research approach to use in research, there are two theories available. These are Deduction (Testing theory) and Induction (Building theory).Deduction approach as the name implies involves the researcher having a proposed theory (usually involving two or more variables) which they then collect data against, analyse and draw conclusions in support of or opposing the original thesis (DeGracia et al., 2014).Induction approach on the other chip in involves observing different cases or scenarios and then de veloping a general hypothesis around ones findings (DeGracia et al., 2014). This approach allows for a less rigid methodology and nudeness to varying explanations of what is going on (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2003).The table below shows the differences between Deduction and Induction approaches to Research by (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2003).Box 4.1Major differences between deductive and inductive approaches to researchDeduction emphasisesScientific principlesMoving from theory to dataThe need to explain causal relationships between variablesThe collection of quantitative dataThe application of controls to break validity of dataThe operationalisation of concepts to ensure clarity of definitionA highly structured approachResearcher independence of what is being researchedThe necessity to select samples of satisfactory size in order to generalize conclusionsInduction emphasisesGaining an understanding of the meanings humans attach to eventsA close understanding of the r esearch contextThe collection of soft dataA more flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis as the research progressesA realisation that the research is part of the research processLess concern with the need to generaliseThe induction approach will be taken as this research looks into human behaviours and social construct within a certain environment. Furthermore, I will be making use of qualitative data alone to suit the approach adopted by Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, (2003). This is because my research is looking into the problems associated with the lack of effectiveness of shareholder activism in Nigeria. This means that I am looking into the issues surrounding application, human behavior towards corporate governance and shareholder activism. Therefore, the induction approach as well as the use of qualitative data is the best way to get the different stakeholder perspectives and gather the right information within a less rigid structure that will enable the ap propriate analysis to be conducted.4.4 Research StrategyAccording to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, (2003), there are different research strategies namelyExperimentSurveyCase studyGrounded theoryEthnographyAction researchCross-sectional and longitudinal studiesExploratory, descriptive and explanatory studies.For the purpose of this research, grounded theory will be used. This is because it is mainly used in the inductive approach and will allow for a more natural insight into the issues associated with the objectives set in this research by using interviews (Corbin and Strauss, 1990). My source of data will be interviews and archival records as it allows me to capture insights into events associated with shareholder activism through the personal accounts of individuals experiences (Hendry et all., 2007 Useem et al., 1993). As this research paper is focused on Nigeria, I have limited access to data as I am shortly in the United Kingdom. Therefore, I have conducted telephone intervie ws with seasoned individuals practicing shareholder activism because it was more cost and time efficient to do so. I believe using these will give me a well-rounded view of the issues that need to be identified.Time HorizonsThere are two types of time horizons focused on by Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, (2003) namely Cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies. Cross- sectional studies have to do with research on a particular hypothesis at a particular time, while longitudinal studies involve researching a certain phenomenon over an extended period of time. This research focuses on Shareholder Activism in Nigeria, over the years there has been very little written on this subject matter. My aim is to add to the body of knowledge which exists in current times. In this case, I will be applying cross-sectional studies and focusing on the periods from the early 2010 to present day 2016.Data CollectionThe main research method in this paper will be the interviews conducted with pers ons that are knowledgeable on the subject. As I am not very conversant with the subject matter, speaking with these people will aid in expanding my knowledge. It is quite expensive to travel to Nigeria from the United Kingdom therefore, telephone interviews will be conducted as it will save time and costs. I also plan on using archival records as I believe this will provide context to my research thus allowing me to form a well-rounded grounded theory.Data analysisVarious solid articles and books will be used to aid in my coding and analysis of the intervi

Borderline personality disorder: Object relations perspective

Borderline personality disorder Object relation backs perspectiveThe term Borderline was coined by Stern in 1938 to describe a group of clients that exhibited primitive thinking and defense mechanisms, regressive transports, destructive styles, and acute countertransference reactions (Berzoff, Flanagan, Hertz, 2008 Gunderson, 1984). Today, Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a well known and recognized diagnosing yet, it is still perceived to be a frustrating, perplexing, and complicated disorder for clients and clinicians to experience, understand, and cover up (Berzoff et al., 2008 Gunderson, 1984). Clients with BPD can present with a number of different characteristics and symptoms. However, clinicians and theorists have identified primordial symptomatology associated with the diagnosis of BPD. One of the most prevalent characteristics of BPD is the presence of trigger-happy and un steadfast social relationships (Berzoff et al., 2008 Gunderson, 1984 Millon, 1992). In this realm, individuals with BPD struggle to develop and maintain close and intimate interpersonal relationships as a termination of a terrifying fear of abandonment and lack of endeavor constancy (Berzoff et al., 2008 Gunderson, 1984 Millon, 1992). Clients with BPD frequently experience ambivalence in relationships with a desire for attachment coupled with a simultaneous need for distance, and pull up stakes frequently oscillate between compliant and ego-importance-destructive behaviors in interpersonal relationships (Berzoff et al., 2008 Gunderson, 1984 Millon, 1992). Clients with BPD argon dependant on early(a)s to satisfy their needs of closeness and intimacy, and these individuals will very much exhibit contradict behavior in a desperate look for to pick up attention that ultimately takingss in the dissolution of relationships further perpetuating their fear of abandonment (Berzoff et al., 2008 Gunderson, 1984 Millon, 1992). Additionally, relationship boundaries atomic number 18 often perme equal to(p) and diff intent resulting in issues associated with engulfment or backdown (Berzoff et al., 2008 Gunderson, 1984 Millon, 1992). Individuals with BPD in any case frequently seek relationships with people that victimize or mistreat them, and reject hygienic partners and relationships (Berzoff et al., 2008 Gunderson, 1984 Millon, 1992).Clients with BPD be in like manner characterized by an un inactive and fragmented scent out of self (Berzoff et al., 2008 Gunderson, 1984 Millon, 1992). They frequently struggle with establishing a healthy guts of self-esteem, lack ambition, and experience difficulty in setting and attaining goals resulting in low achievement in various surveys of life (Berzoff et al., 2008 Gunderson, 1984 Millon, 1992). A number of self functions atomic number 18 in like manner impaired in individuals with BPD. Clients with BPD have difficulty regulating their affect and exhibit a range of intense and controvert emot ions including choler, hate, and bitterness (Berzoff et al., 2008 Gunderson, 1984 Millon, 1992). Individuals with BPD also tend to lack impulse control resulting in unpredictable, self-destructive, and swelled head dystonic behaviors including self-mutilation, sexual promiscuity, and substance abuse (Berzoff et al., 2008 Gunderson, 1984 Millon, 1992). Clients with BPD also utilize a number of primitive defenses including ripping, projection, projective identification, denial, primitive idealization, and devaluation (Berzoff et al., 2008, p. 331). Lastly, individuals with BPD may occasionally suffer from psychotic episodes and dissociative experiences despite a relatively stable sense of reality testing (Berzoff et al., 2008 Gunderson, 1984 Millon, 1992).There ar numerous theories regarding the etiology of BPD. However, this paper will focus on the significant contributions that purpose relation theorists William Fairbairn and Otto Kernberg have do regarding the etiology and trea tment of BPD.Theoretical Perspectives (Object Relations)Fairbairn Fairbairn made great contributions to understanding issues of dependence, the use of splitting, and the inexplicable desire to continuously seek out and attach to frustrating and rejecting objects commonly seen in clients with BPD (Celani, 1993). Fairbairns theory places an emphasis on attachment and ego organic evolution in accordance with object relations rather than traditional Freudian contract theory (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). Fairbairn posits that personality disorders develop in early tikehood, and created a emergenceal model to explain how an infants interactions and relationships with objects in their early environment can influence dependency and future pathology (Celani, 1993 St. Clair, 2004).developmental ModelFairbairns model consists of three legs of development infantile dependence, transitional stage, and mature dependence (Celani, 1993 St. Clair, 2004). Of grumpy importance to t he development of BPD is the transitional stage, which is line up with Mahlers rapprochement stage, in which a kid struggles with the conflict of wanting to break open from the mother composition simultaneously desiring to remain connected to the mother (Celani, 1993 St. Clair, 2004). The transitional stage is critical in the developmental surgical operation as the mothers rejection of or qualification to connect with the child and satisfy their needs will ultimately determine the persona of the object relationship and aim of dependency a child has on the mother (Celani, 1993 St. Clair, 2004). Successful completion of this stage results in the ability of a child to integrate positive and negative outlooks of the mother, opine the mother as a whole rather than partial object that is separate from the child, and develop a healthy object relationship with the mother (Celani, 1993 St. Clair, 2004). Clients with BPD be futile to successfully complete this stage of development due to an inability to differentiate from the maternal object resulting in increased dependency (Celani, 1993 St. Clair, 2004). This pathology is later replayed in adult relationships when clients with BPD exhibit a desire to separate from a frustrating object coupled with a foreign desire to dumbfound connected to or dependent on the frustrating object (Celani, 1993 St. Clair, 2004).Dependency and AttachmentFairbairn described clients with BPD as suffering from severe splits in their ego resulting in a sense of omnipotence, a sense of detachment, and an unwarranted focus on the inner world (Celani, 1993, p. 6). Fairbairn believed that these personality deficits were a direct result of an unnurturing environment that forced a deprived and frustrated infant to split the mother into part objects in order to preserve the need satisfying aspect of the mother (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). According to Fairbairn, over time the rejected and frustrated child comes to view hi s mother as a bad object but is dispiritedly attached to and dependent on her (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). Fairbairn developed the concept of stubborn attachment to explain why rejected children become increasingly attached to the frustrating object (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). According to Fairbairn, rejected children come to understand that their mothers do not love and value them resulting in feelings of deprivation and inferiority that lead children to become fixated and believelessly dependent on their mothers as both(prenominal) frustrating and exciting bad objects (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). In essence, Fairbairn asserts that the more neglectful and depriving a mother is, the more a child will cling to the mother in an attempt to win her love and affection (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). This behavior is seen in clients with BPD who repeatedly attach to rejecting and frustrating bad objects continuously replaying the akin f utile attempt to win the love and nurturance they were deprived of in childhood (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). Fairbairn asserts that the lack of a nurturing and loving environment results in reactive hate in which the child feels they are innately bad and reflect this belief onto future relationships (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). This is evident in the behavior of clients with BPD who often respond to interactions with objects in their environment with anger and hostility reflecting their own internal feelings of badness (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). The paradox of this behavior is that individuals with BPD are desperately seeking a loving and nurturing relationship, but their hostile and destructive behavior often results in further abandonment and abuse (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983).The Moral DefenseOne of Fairbairns major contributions to the understanding of BPD was his proposal of the Moral Defense Against Bad Objects (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). The virtuous defense is a childs ego defense against the dilemma of being attached to and dependent on a frustrating object (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). This ego defense allows children to stay attached to a frustrating or rejecting object by repressing memories of abuse or abandonment and the rage associated with those memories, and developing a view that the child himself is the bad object and responsible for and deserving of the behavior of the parent (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). In essence, the child internalizes and represses the negative aspects of the frustrating object allowing the child to view the parent as a correct rather than bad object (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). Unfortunately, the moral defense results in a child learning to introject bad objects and reject good objects which ultimately influences the development of BPD (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983). Borderline adults continuously seek a nd return to the exciting aspect of bad objects while rejecting the good and nurturing objects they desperately need (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983).Endopsychic StructureFairbairns endopsychic geomorphological theory provides an explanation for this paradoxical behavior by focusing on the central authority of the ego and the defense of splitting as a result of a childs inability to mask object failures (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983 St. Clair, 2004). Fairbairn asserts that children must split off the negative aspects of the bad object and focus on the exciting aspects of the bad object in order to survive abuse and deprivation (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983 St. Clair, 2004). Fairbairn postulates that the endopsychic structure is composed of a central ego and two subegos the libidinal and antilibidinal egos (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983 St. Clair, 2004). Each aspect of the ego associates with a different part of an object (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983 St. Clair, 2004). The antilibidinal ego is home to the rejecting aspect of the bad object, and the libidinal ego houses the exciting aspect of the bad object which promotes hope for future gratification (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983 St. Clair, 2004). In the normal developmental process, the central ego connects with a good or ideal object and grows in response to a nurturing environment that contributes to stable ego functioning and a healthy sense of self (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983 St. Clair, 2004). In a frustrating or rejecting environment a child internalizes the bad object, splits the object internally to reflect the satisfying and unsatisfying comp ints, places these aspects respectively into the libidinal and antilibidinal egos, and aggressively represses these aspects of the ego (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983 St. Clair, 2004). This ego split allows the child to view a bad object as both frustrating and exciting (Celani, 1993 Gr eenberg Mitchell, 1983 St. Clair, 2004). The libidinal and antilibidinal egos dominate the world of an individual with BPD, and are constantly in conflict with one another (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983 St. Clair, 2004). This internal conflict explains the sudden shifts in mood that clients with BPD often experience as well as the continuous return to the exciting aspect of the bad object in interpersonal relationships (Celani, 1993 Greenberg Mitchell, 1983 St. Clair, 2004).Kernberg Kernberg created a theory underlying the development of BPD that integrates object relations theory with aspects of Freuds drive theory (Clarkin, Yeomans, Kernberg, 2006 St. Clair, 2004). Kernberg asserts that the mind consists of psychological structures (ego, superego, and id) that are formed by internalized object relationships in early development, particularly that of the relationship with the mother (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). This primary object relationship is correlated wi th the drives of libido and aggression, and lays the foundation for ego development and the establishment of a stable, integrated, and cohesive sense of self and objects in the environment (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). Kernberg emphasizes the important role affect plays in object relationships, and asserts that affects result from both biological and environmental influences (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). According to Kernberg, BPD pathology results from innate or genetic pregenital aggression and/or frustrating object relationship experiences in the developmental process (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). Kernberg asserts that these feelings of intense aggression inhibit a child from integrating positive and negative self and object representations, and results in the use of primitive defense mechanisms to protect and disarticulate the positive image of the self and the object from aggressive feelings associated with negative self and object representations (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). In essence, primitive defenses are used to separate contradictory views of the self and object in an attempt to resolve feelings of intense anxiety associated with intrapsychic conflict (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). Kernberg also draws a correlation between attachment, affect, and the development of BPD by asserting that children with systematically frustrating and distressing self and object experiences in early development have increased negative affect or aggression which contributes to intrapsychic conflict (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). Kernberg also asserts that early failures in attachment contribute to the development of BPD by decreasing an individuals ability to experience and modulate a range of affects and control impulsivity (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). Let us now examine Kernbergs concepts and theories associated with the etiology of BPD more closely.Object Relation UnitsAccording to Kernberg, obje cts are internalized as units which include an image or representation of the self, an image or representation of the object, and an affect associated with a drive (libido or aggression) that connects the internalized images of object and self (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). In short, an individual internalizes an object relation unit which represents aspects of the self and other that are connected by an affect of pleasure or defeat (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). Kernberg referred to these internalized units as object relation dyads that correspond to specific moments of interaction with objects in early development (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). Kernberg asserts that infants experience and internalize multiple object relation dyads with varying levels of affective intensity throughout the developmental process (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). Experiences associated with high affect intensity are broadly associated with pleasurable or frustrating interactions, such as when a mother satisfies or fails to satisfy a childs needs (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). Kernberg posits that these high affective experiences are internalized and become part of affect-laden memory structures in the developing psyche (Clarkin et al., 2006, p. 5). Kernberg asserts that an abundance of intense frustrating or negative affective experiences interferes with the development of a stable ego and sense of identity by inhibiting an individuals ability to integrate these experiences in later development (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). Thus, the interactions a child has with early object relation dyads importantly affects the development of their personality structure, sense of self, and views of others in their environment, and can lead to BPD pathology in adulthood (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004).The Process of InternalizationAccording to Kernberg, an infant progressively internalizes object relation units in early development, which provides the foundation for psychic structures, through the process of introjection, identification, and ego identity (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). Introjection is the earliest and first stage of internalization where self and object images are fused and associated with intense and primitive affects (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). If infants are inundated with feelings of frustration and aggression during this stage of internalization it will result in the development of negative self and object representations which adversely affects ego and personality structure development (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). Splitting is generally used adaptively in the introjection process to help a child separate positive and negative self and object representations however, the continued use of splitting in the internalization process can lead to BPD pathology (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). Identification is the next level of internalization and encompasses a child learning social roles through interaction with objects in their environment (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). These object relationship interactions are also connected by libidinal or aggressive affective states that influence a childs interpretation of social roles (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). The last step of internalization contributes to the development of a healthy and stable ego that is able to differentiate and organize self and object representations and affects in a coherent manner that supports identity development (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). According to Kernberg, individuals with BPD are able to complete the process of differentiating between images of self and object, but are unable to effectively integrate libidinal and aggressive self and object representations as a result of pregenital aggression (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004). Thus, children internalize both positive and negative aspects of early self and object relation ships which are activated to varying degrees in future relationships (Clarkin et al., 2006 St. Clair, 2004).Developmental ModelKernberg also proposed a developmental model of psychic structure formation that coincides with the internalization process (St. Clair, 2004). Kernbergs developmental theory consists of five sequential stages (St. Clair, 2004). Of particular importance to the development of BPD are the third and fourth stages which align with Mahlers separation-individuation/rapprochement stages (St. Clair, 2004). The third stage of development occurs when a child is one and a half(a) to three years of age, and constitutes a childs ability to differentiate between positive and negative self and object representations, and the use of splitting to protect positive self and object representations from negative object relation units (St. Clair, 2004). The fourth stage of development occurs between the ages of three to six and is defined by a childs ability to view self and obje ct representations as whole, and to integrate good and bad aspects of the object relation dyads and their associated affects into a realistic view of self and object (St. Clair, 2004). Clients with BPD are generally fixated in these stages of development resulting in an inability to integrate good and bad self and object representations, a primitive use of splitting, a weak and dissociated ego, a lack of object constancy, and the development of a diffuse and unstable identity (St. Clair, 2004). Kernberg believes that the inability to integrate positive and negative object relation units results from overwhelming feelings of frustration and aggression as a result of negative self and object experiences in early development (St. Clair, 2004).Primitive DefensesKernberg asserts that much of the pathology associated with BPD results from the rigid and excessive use of primitive defense mechanisms to protect and separate the ego and imbued positive self and object representations from int ense aggression associated with negative object relation units (Clarkin et al., 2006 Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Although many of these defenses are used adaptively in early development, the continued use of such defenses in adulthood as a result of an inability to integrate positive and negative object relation units frequently contributes to the development of BPD (Clarkin et al., 2006 Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Splitting is the primary defense used by clients with BPD, and involves separating good and bad object relation units in an attempt to avoid intrapsychic conflict (Clarkin et al., 2006 Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Splitting is frequently used in conjunction with idealization and devaluation in clients with BPD (Clarkin et al., 2006 Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Idealization complicates the process of splitting by imbuing either the self or external objects with faulty or unrealistic qualities of power and omnipotence (Clarkin et al., 2006 Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Idealization is da ngerous for clients with BPD because it creates further contradictory experiences for the client when the self or object is unable to fulfill the unrealistic expectations this phenomenon generally results in an abrupt shift to devaluation or degradation of the self or the previously idealized object (Clarkin et al., 2006 Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). The process of splitting and the concomitant use of idealization and devaluation also make the therapeutic experience difficult and emotionally draining as a result of intense transference and countertransference issues (Clarkin et al., 2006 Clarkin Kernberg, 1993).Clients with BPD also frequently rely on the defenses of projection and projective identification in an attempt to rid themselves of feelings of intense aggression (Clarkin et al., 2006 Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Projection occurs when an individual places their own negative feelings onto someone else and views these dis dictated feelings as emanating from that person as opposed to themselves (Clarkin et al., 2006 Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Projective identification takes this process one step further and results in an individual depositing negative feelings into another while simultaneously eliciting those feelings out of that person (Clarkin et al., 2006 Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Unfortunately, the use of projection and projective identification often results in a desire to control the person that carries the projected feelings or the development of fear associated with the projectively identified object (Clarkin et al., 2006 Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Lastly, the defense of denial allows individuals with BPD to negate and separate past feelings of aggression and frustration from their present emotional state (Clarkin et al., 2006 Clarkin Kernberg, 1993). Consistent doctrine on these defense mechanisms in adulthood leads to significant difficulties in the realm of interpersonal relationships for clients with BPD (Clarkin et al., 2006 Clarkin Kernberg, 19 93).NeurobiologyMuch of the literature and research on the neurobiological etiology of BPD emphasizes the affiliation between abuse, damage, and attachment in early childhood (Applegate Shapiro, 2005 Cozolino, 2010 Teicher, Ito, Glod, Schiffer, Gelbard, 1994). Studies have indicated that nearly 81% of clients diagnosed with BPD have suffered some form of abuse or trauma in their childhood (Teicher et al., 1994). The presence of trauma and/or abuse in early development frequently results in the dysfunction of the limbic system, cortical region, and frontal and worldly lobes of the brain (Cozolino, 2010 Teicher, 1994). The limbic system develops in early infancy and is considered to be the social and emotional aspect of the brain which includes the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, amygdala, and the hippocampus (Applegate Shapiro, 2005 Cozolino, 2010 Teicher et al., 1994). Abuse and trauma often have deleterious affects on neural regulation inwardly the limbic system tha t adversely affects emotional and behavioral aspects of personality development (Teicher et al., 1994). For example, an excessive release of norepinephrine in response to stress can impair the hippocampal memory networks resulting in the formation of dissociative symptoms commonly seen in clients with BPD (Teicher et al., 1994). Additionally, trauma often increases kindling, or the repeated stimulation of neurons resulting in increased excitability, in the limbic system which can adversely affect behavioral inhibitions (Teicher et al., 1994). Limbic kindling is associated with the twist of inappropriate and excessive aggression and/or sexual promiscuity frequently seen in clients with BPD (Teicher et al., 1994). The lack of integration between the right and left hemispheres of the brain is also thought to contribute to the formation of intrapsychic conflict and splitting associated with BPD (Teicher et al., 1994).Cozolino postulates that BPD results from negative, frustrating, or f rightening interactions with early caregivers resulting in an inability to regulate affect and integrate experiences as a result of insecure attachment (Applegate Shapiro, 2005 Cozolino, 2010). From a neurobiological perspective, insecure attachment occurs when an infant is exposed to negative interactions with the primary caregiver which increases the production of cortisol in the brain and induces feelings of fear and danger within the amygdala this affective response is then processed by the orbitofrontal cortex and stored as implicit memory in the right hemisphere of the brain (Applegate Shapiro, 2005 Cozolino, 2010). Cozolino (2010) deals that the characteristic fear of abandonment and aggression associated with BPD stems from implicit memories of real or perceived abuse, abandonment, and frustration in early development. Cozolino (2010) also asserts that frequent and abrupt shifts in mood and the oscillation between positive and negative views of the self and objects may re sult from dissociation within the orbitofrontal cortex impairing the brains ability to adequately process information (i.e. right-left/top-down). Cozolino (2010) further argues that increased levels of cortisol in the brain may impair hippocampal and amygdala functioning resulting in the experience of intense affective states and a reduction in an individuals ability to appropriately modulate affect. Lastly, Cozolino (2010) argues that insecure attachment can result in a reduction in the level of serotonin in the brain increasing the risk of depression, irritability, and decreased positive reinforcement from interpersonal interactions (p. 283).DiversitySociocultural factors play an integral role in the process of personality development (Miller, 1996 Millon, 2000). From a young age, children are influenced and guided by cultural values, traditions, norms, and expectations that contribute to how they view themselves and the world around them (Miller, 1996 Millon, 2000). each culture has a unique way of interpreting and goaling issues of anxiety, distress, depression, and emotional upheaval (Miller, 1996 Millon, 2000). Some cultures value these symptoms and view them as a natural means of ripening and development, while others perceive the presence of these symptoms as pathology (Miller, 1996 Millon, 2000). Paris contends that many traditional cultures provide protective factors that inhibit the development of BPD and other personality disorders, while others argue that individuals from virtually all cultures suffer from symptoms similar to BPD due to a perceived sense of social failureinadequacy, marginality, and powerlessness (Miller, 1996, p. 194). However, each culture differs in how they view, express, and treat these symptoms thus, it is imperative that clinicians consider the influence of sociocultural factors on personality development and/or pathology in order to accurately diagnose and treat clients (Berzoff et al., 2008 Miller, 1996 Millon, 2000).T he prevalence of BPD and other personality disorders in American culture provides a unique understanding of how sociocultural factors influence personality development (Miller, 1996 Millon, 2000). Millon (2000) argues that American culture is filled with enigmatical and contradictory values, beliefs, and expectations that contribute to identity diffusion and interpersonal conflicts. American culture also places a strong emphasis on achievement and encourages competition in various aspects of life placing intense pressure on individuals to continuously strive for excellence while inadvertently setting the stage for failure and feelings of guilt and confuse (Millon, 2000). The presence of conflicting demands and expectations, an emphasis on competition and success, and harsh sociocultural conditions such as poverty, prejudice, and racism in American culture complicate the process of personality development and perpetuate symptomatology commonly associated with BPD including dissocia tion, intrapsychic conflict, and a fragmented identity (Miller, 1996 Millon, 2000).There is also debate surrounding issues of gender bias in the assessment and diagnosis of personality disorders (Becker, 1997 Berzoff et al., 2008 Widiger, 2000). Many scholars argue that the Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM) defines and describes personality disorders in a way that is biased toward traditional male or female characteristics (Becker, 1997 Berzoff et al., 2008 Widiger, 2000). As a result, personality disorders that are associated with dramatic emotional responses, dependency, and masochist qualities such as Histrionic and Borderline are often over diagnosed in women (Becker, 1997 Berzoff et al., 2008 Widiger, 2000). Scholars argue that this bias pathologizes female traits without consideration of the impact that societal, familial, and cultural pressures and external influences have on these behaviors (Becker, 1997 Berzoff et al., 2008 Widiger, 2000). Women are generally socialized to be more in touch with and expressive of their emotions, compliant or submissive to others needs, and dependent or reliant on others to varying degrees (Becker, 1997 Berzoff et al., 2008 Widiger, 2000). Yet, these very characteristics can be viewed pathologically when they are incorrectly or incongruently expressed in accordance with social and cultural norms and expectations (Becker, 1997 Berzoff et al., 2008). Additionally, the DSM criteria fails to account for the relevance of the psychological distress that many women experience associated with trauma, sexual abuse, interior(prenominal) violence, and oppression which results in women being frequently misdiagnosed with BPD as opposed to post traumatic stress disorder (Becker, 1997 Berzoff et al., 2008). It is important for clinicians to be aware of gender biases within the DSM, as well as personal gender biases, when assessing pathology in a client, and to ensure that a diagnosis accompanies adequate consideration of the socia l and cultural norms placed on women as well as the influence trauma, victimization, and oppression have on personality development and pathology (Becker, 1997 Berzoff et al., 2008 Widiger, 2000).TreatmentFairbairn Fairbairns treatment model was designed to address the needs of what he termed dependent borderlines who express an obstinate attachment to frustrating-exciting objects within their environment that perpetuate ego splits and intrapsychic conflict (Celani,

Game Graphics Design Assessment

Game Graphics Design AssessmentYou have started engage as a designer for adventurer a leading games development and publication company.Adventurer was founded in 2010 and produces a consumer specialist magazine, which is referenced by former(a) development studios as well. The magazine features information on a wide variety of computer/video games genres it has dedicated sections for the history of computer games, retro gaming, commercialize news, and recruitment as well as games platforms.In your role as a designer you have been given the task to carry out these fall upon jobs.You have been asked to suggest hardware and package that the design department conducts to use to name and edit computer brights for marketing and advertising aspires.to boot you have been asked to design a full-colour A4 double-sided tract to promote the new computer game called Obliterate, which is a 15 certificate game that Adventurer is looking to market. discordant items including a digital im age and a new logotypetype for Adventurer will be included within the defylet. The logo should reflect the business of Adventurer fun and entertaining. The game is of the platform genre and therefore requires eye-catching state of the art picturals suitable for a 15 certificate game-playing earreach. The budget for this go through is 5000. This can be increased depending on how well the game sells through the promotion of the leaflet. This is a highly professional document and requires being fully proof-read beforehand sending to the professional printers.The images and graphics must be supplied to the printer in any of the file formats for the following programs Corel cause, publishing house, Illustrator, Visio/Serif Drawplus, Paintshop Pro, GIMP, Paint, PhotoShop, Photoshop Elements, Serif Photo Plus.You must affect the size of the files and how you will supply them to the professional printers. You must consider file management techniques to enable the reprographics pe rsonnel to access your files. Also you need to consider the consequences of concretion on the quality of any of the files.P1 Identify the hardware and software required to work with computer graphics.Create a table identifying hardware needed to create and edit computer graphics.State why the items of hardware you have chosen are needed. tax 1A gruellingware. You should identify a range of (at to the lowest degree three)hardware of your own prime(a) and/or from the suggested list belowMonitorPrinterGraphics cardDigital cameraScannerProcessorMemoryCD ROMHard driveTask 1B Software Add to the table identifying the software needed to create and edit computer graphics.You need to identify a range (at least three) of Vector software or Bitmap software either of your own choice and/or from the suggested list below Vector graphics software Corel Draw/Publisher/Illustrator/Visio/Serif DrawplusBitmap (or raster graphics) software PaintShop Pro/GIMP/Paint/Photoshop/Photoshop Elements/Serif Photo PlusTask 2 P2 State the functions of a outlined graphics software package. State what the functions are of your chosen graphics software by stating what the function does and how it may be used when creating a graphic.Create a Table to include a column for screen prints. Choose your own graphics software and/or from the list belowGraphics software Publisher/Paint/Photoshop/XaraExamples of standard software functions areFreehand drawRotate/flipResizeCropGroup/ungroupLayout gridsSpecial effects such as sharpen, soften, or posteriseTemplates (as used in) presentations, web pages, sound out or Excel documentsOther colour manipulation or shapesColour depth 8-bit=256 colours, 16-bit 64,000 colours See nigh page_____________________Task 3 M1 Compare graphics software used for creating and editing graphics.Compare the features (tools and techniques), cost, strengths and weaknesses of at least three different graphics software packages that you have used for creating and editing y our graphics. Create a table in Word.Task 4P3 Describe the differences between raster ( electronic image) and vector graphics.Write a drawing opus in Word to show your understanding of the main differences between vector and bitmap graphics. You will need to illustrate your work with examples of your own bitmap and vector images.You must describe the type of image, the file size and differences in scaling._________________________________________________________________________________________Task 5A P4 Use specialist hardware to acquire images for a defined purpose.You need to take one digital image relating to the theme fun and entertaining. The image will be included in a leaflet for the launch of a new game (in the afterwards task P6). You should read the scenario at the top of this assignment and consider how your digital photograph will fit in with the purpose of the leaflet for P6. For example what is the purpose of the leaflet, the house style, the colours and the size of the image.Provide evidence (screen print and annotations) of how you uploaded your digital photograph image to your PC. Use a Word document to do this.Task 5B P4 Use specialist hardware to acquire images for a defined purpose.You need to scan a picture from a book or magazine using a scanner. The image will be included in a leaflet for the launch of the new game (in the later task P6).Provide evidence (screen print and annotations) of how you scanned your digital picture to your PC.State the name of the scanner you used and give relevant information about the scanner.Task 6 P5 Create an original graphic for a defined user need using graphics software.You need to design and create a logo for Adventurer. You should use suitable vector software to do this.Base the design for the logo on the character or sprite you created in Unit 22. commend the theme is fun and entertaining.See next pageTask 7P6 Use graphics to enhance a document incorporating acquired images and objects. turn a double-sided leaflet using a template in Publisher, which will advertise the new Adventurer game. This leaflet is to showcase your graphics and drawings created for this unit.You should provide before and after screenshots as evidence of any additional techniques you use such asResizing and positioningCropping and text wrappingOthers items you may include in your leaflet may includeYour Adventurer logoThe scanned bitmap image you did for P4The digital bitmap photograph you did for P4Any relevant clipartIdentifying the games platformStating the minimum age of player details fitting text and shapesAny other details you would like to include._____________________________________________________________________________________Task 8M2 Use at least three right techniques to combine multiple images to enhance your original graphic to a near-professional standard.Examples of advanced techniques arelayersfiltersmasksjuxtaposition/superimposition of images and textmultiple imageschangin g colour balance/contrast record and describe the advanced techniques you have used by stating which software package has been used as well as screenshots with annotations of the techniques carried out. _________________________________________________________________________________________Task 9M3 Identify legal implications associated with the use of imagesLaws and Guidelines role AType up a report detailing the relevant legal issues and guidelines you had to abide by when using the graphics for your brochure. You must include secure issues e.g. Copyright, Design and Patents Act (1998)Permissions (e.g. photography of children, buildings, businesses)AcknowledgementsPart BWithin a table, you must record the copyright of any sourced images used within your graphics.You must also consider who owns the rights to the graphics/images that you have created is it yourself or your client? See next pageTask 10D1 evaluate the tools and techniques used to enhance your original graphic.Pro duce a report, which evaluates the graphics software package on its ability in allowing you to create one of your original graphics (for example your logo or a combined multiple image).Using technical terms evidence discuss how the following met the requirements within the scenario briefWhy you used the programs in the creation of the graphic and were there any constraints?Describe at least 3 advanced techniques you used for one of your graphics.Additionally you must discuss what affect the techniques had on the graphic to enable the graphic to be appropriate for inclusion in the leaflet created in Task 7. How did the graphic meet the requirements in the scenario brief?Remember your logo/combined multiple images should be fit for purpose and be of a near professional standard in order for you to produce a report to meet D1._____________________________________________________________________________________Task 11D2 Present the enhanced document obtaining feedback.Present your crea ted, sourced and edited images and graphics, along with the final enhanced document to at least 3 members of the target audience stated in the scenario brief.Use feedback sheets, questionnaires or interviews to gather the users opinions.The audience completing the feedback sheets should be told what they are reviewing and what the images are intended to do.The target audience should identify possible improvements.The images and document can be presented either as image files or showcased in a presentation or web page.Evidence for this criterion is completed feedback sheets and the final images.

Comparing Satire in Canterbury Tales, Pride and Prejudice and The Rape

Use of Satire in Canterbury Tales, Pride and Prejudice and The Rape of the Lock Jane Austen and Alexander Pope had had a myriad of writing styles and techniques from which to express the desired themes of their works. Satire, however, seemed to be the effective light-hearted, yet condescending, tool that enabled them to surface the faults and follies of their incorrupt and elite society. In Chaucers Canterbury Tales, sarcasm is used to the full moon extent in revealing the glutton at bottom a pious and sacrificing nun, the vain hunter within a poor and meditative monk, and the vulgarity within a honorable woman of society. In Pride and Prejudice and The Rape of the Lock, Austen and Pope use contrasting forms of satire to obtain the same result as Chaucer to ridicule societys hypocritical and supercilious manner by forcing it to see the absurd truth of what society pretends to be and what it really is. In order to create satire in their literature, Austen and Pope mus t place an ironic, mocking language in an environment, and allow the language to transform its surroundings into a parody of human moral regression. The essence of satire in Pride and Prejudice and The Rape of the Lock begins with the writers mocking use of diction, and then spreads to how the casings, tone, and theme of the literature are heightened to a train that identifies with supercilious society. Characters in Pride and Prejudice and The Rape of the Lock are necessary tools in establishing satire within the stories. Austen uses a range of different character types in order to highlight the absurdity of society. For example, Elizabeth Bennet differs greatly from her other sisters and young ladies of Hertfordshire because h... ...rning within society to undermine its flaws. Austen and Pope were great writers and observers of their time, and though they apply passed, their writings continue to reveal the hidden follies of humanity. Humanity has not made any extr emely valuable changes beside the obvious advancements that are expected through time. However, in that respect will always be literature to magnify humanitys growth and regression, urging its readers to never hide from the truth.Works CitedAusten, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Ed. Donald Gray. stark naked York W.W. Norton & Company, 1996.Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Ed Mack, Maynard et al. W. W. Norton and Co. New York, NY. 1992. Pope, Alexander. The Rape of the Lock. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H. Abrams et al. 6th ed. Vol. 1. New York Norton, 1993.